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在光(guang)(guang)纖纖芯中摻入(ru)稀(xi)土離子(zi)，泵浦光(guang)(guang)通過光(guang)(guang)纖時，纖芯中的(de)(de)稀(xi)土離子(zi)吸收(shou)泵浦光(guang)(guang)，躍(yue)遷到激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)上能級(ji)，產生(sheng)粒子(zi)數反轉。反轉后的(de)(de)粒子(zi)在自發(fa)(fa)輻射光(guang)(guang)子(zi)或者特別注入(ru)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)子(zi)誘導(dao)(dao)(dao)下(xia)以(yi)受激(ji)(ji)輻射躍(yue)遷到激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)下(xia)能級(ji)，同時發(fa)(fa)射出與(yu)誘導(dao)(dao)(dao)光(guang)(guang)子(zi)相同的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)子(zi)，這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)過程(cheng)雪崩(beng)般發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)，于是(shi)發(fa)(fa)射出激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)。這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)光(guang)(guang)纖激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)器的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)原(yuan)理。選擇在光(guang)(guang)纖中摻稀(xi)土離子(zi)構成光(guang)(guang)纖激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)器，部分(fen)原(yuan)因就(jiu)是(shi)稀(xi)土離子(zi)的(de)(de)吸收(shou)范圍正(zheng)好與(yu)半(ban)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)器的(de)(de)輻射范圍重合，因而(er)能方便地采用成本(ben)低(di)廉的(de)(de)、工藝(yi)較為成熟的(de)(de)半(ban)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)器作為泵浦光(guang)(guang)源。

    光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)基(ji)本結(jie)構由增(zeng)益(yi)(yi)(yi)介(jie)質(zhi)、諧振腔(qiang)與泵浦源組成(cheng)(cheng)。增(zeng)益(yi)(yi)(yi)介(jie)質(zhi)為(wei)摻(chan)有(you)稀土離子(zi)的(de)光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)芯，摻(chan)雜光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)放置在(zai)兩個反射率經過選擇(ze)的(de)腔(qiang)鏡之間，泵浦光(guang)(guang)從(cong)光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)切割機激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)左邊腔(qiang)鏡耦合進入(ru)光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)，經準直(zhi)光(guang)(guang)學系統和(he)濾波器(qi)(qi)得(de)(de)到(dao)輸出(chu)激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)。從(cong)理論(lun)上來(lai)說，只有(you)泵浦源和(he)增(zeng)益(yi)(yi)(yi)光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)是構成(cheng)(cheng)光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)必須組件，而諧振腔(qiang)并(bing)非必不(bu)可(ke)(ke)缺的(de)組件。諧振腔(qiang)的(de)選模(mo)和(he)增(zeng)加增(zeng)益(yi)(yi)(yi)介(jie)質(zhi)長(chang)度的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)切割機光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)中是可(ke)(ke)以(yi)不(bu)用(yong)的(de)，因長(chang)光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)本身可(ke)(ke)以(yi)非常長(chang) ,從(cong)而獲(huo)得(de)(de)很高的(de)單(dan)程增(zeng)益(yi)(yi)(yi)，而光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)的(de)波導效(xiao)應又(you)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)起(qi)到(dao)選模(mo)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。但實際應用(yong)中人們一般(ban)希望(wang)使用(yong)較(jiao)短光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)，所(suo)以(yi)多(duo)數情況(kuang)下采用(yong)諧振腔(qiang)，以(yi)引入(ru)反饋。

   光纖激光器的優點(dian)

   與(yu)傳(chuan)統的(de)氣體激光(guang)器和固體激光(guang)器相比(bi)，以摻(chan)雜光(guang)纖為工作介(jie)質的(de)光(guang)纖激光(guang)器具有以下優點：

   ①增益介質的表面積/體積比大

    光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)激(ji)光(guang)(guang)器采用光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)做增(zeng)益(yi)(yi)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)，具有(you)(you)很大(da)的表面積(ji)/體積(ji)比，這使其具有(you)(you)非常好的散(san)熱性能，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)，即使非常高功率的光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)激(ji)光(guang)(guang)器，增(zeng)益(yi)(yi)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)也不會(hui)受到熱損害(hai)，一般(ban)無(wu)需(xu)對增(zeng)益(yi)(yi)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)采取特別(bie)的散(san)熱措施，而其他種類(lei)的激(ji)光(guang)(guang)器，增(zeng)益(yi)(yi)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)的散(san)熱問題(ti)是需(xu)要重點考慮的，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)，該特點是光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)激(ji)光(guang)(guang)器多獨有(you)(you)的。

   ②優異的雙(shuang)波(bo)導限制(zhi)機制(zhi)

    高(gao)功率(lv)(lv)全光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器采(cai)用雙包層(ceng)(ceng)有(you)(you)源光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)，這種(zhong)雙層(ceng)(ceng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)是一種(zhong)雙波(bo)導(dao)結構，高(gao)功率(lv)(lv)的多模(mo)泵浦光(guang)(guang)(guang)被限(xian)制在(zai)直(zhi)徑(jing)較(jiao)大(da)的內包層(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)傳輸，為采(cai)用高(gao)功率(lv)(lv)廉價的多模(mo)泵浦光(guang)(guang)(guang)提供(gong)了條件，信號激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)在(zai)直(zhi)徑(jing)很小(xiao)的具(ju)有(you)(you)圓對(dui)稱波(bo)導(dao)結構的纖(xian)芯(xin)中(zhong)產(chan)生和(he)傳輸，在(zai)小(xiao)芯(xin)徑(jing)纖(xian)芯(xin)波(bo)導(dao)的限(xian)制下，信號激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)可獲得理想的光(guang)(guang)(guang)束(shu)質量和(he)極小(xiao)的出光(guang)(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)斑(ban)(ban)直(zhi)徑(jing)，這是全光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器獨具(ju)吸引力的重要特點，在(zai)高(gao)功率(lv)(lv)激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器中(zhong)，目前還(huan)沒有(you)(you)一種(zhong)激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器能夠超越。優異的光(guang)(guang)(guang)束(shu)質量和(he)極小(xiao)的出光(guang)(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)斑(ban)(ban)直(zhi)徑(jing)在(zai)激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)應用中(zhong)具(ju)有(you)(you)非常重要的意義，可使后續(xu)應用設備的光(guang)(guang)(guang)學系統(tong)更(geng)簡(jian)單，體積更(geng)小(xiao)，工作(zuo)距離更(geng)長，激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)聚(ju)焦光(guang)(guang)(guang)斑(ban)(ban)更(geng)小(xiao)，工作(zuo)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)更(geng)高(gao)，加(jia)工深度更(geng)深，加(jia)工質量更(geng)好等等。

   ③固有的全封閉柔性光路

    全(quan)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)路全(quan)部由(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)元件構(gou)成，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)元件之間采(cai)用(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)熔接(jie)技術(shu)連接(jie)，整個光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)路完全(quan)封閉在光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)波導中。這種天然的(de)(de)全(quan)封閉性光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)路一旦形成，無需另加隔離措施即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)自成體(ti)系，實現與外界環境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)隔離。由(you)于(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)細小(xiao)(xiao)并具(ju)有很(hen)(hen)好的(de)(de)柔性，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)路可(ke)(ke)(ke)盤繞和(he)沿(yan)細小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)道穿(chuan)行(xing)，因此(ci)，全(quan)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)能夠在比(bi)(bi)較惡劣(lie)的(de)(de)環境(jing)(jing)下工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，輸出(chu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)穿(chuan)過(guo)狹(xia)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)縫隙或(huo)沿(yan)細小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)道進行(xing)遠(yuan)距離傳輸。這些特點(dian)(dian)(dian)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)業應(ying)用(yong)中優勢巨大，激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)不(bu)但能適應(ying)比(bi)(bi)較惡劣(lie)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作環境(jing)(jing)，而且可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)使(shi)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)原(yuan)理出(chu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)將激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)引入到以(yi)前很(hen)(hen)難(nan)到達的(de)(de)地方，可(ke)(ke)(ke)非常容(rong)易移(yi)動和(he)改變出(chu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)，實現加工(gong)(gong)(gong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)公用(yong)一臺激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)使(shi)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)備的(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)具(ju)有更高的(de)(de)靈活(huo)性等等。

   ④光路具有免維護性

    如前(qian)所述，全(quan)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)關谷全(quan)部由光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)元件(jian)構成(cheng)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)元件(jian)之(zhi)間采用(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)熔接技術(shu)連(lian)接，因此，光(guang)(guang)(guang)路(lu)一(yi)旦完(wan)成(cheng)，即形成(cheng)一(yi)個(ge)整體，實踐(jian)證明，這樣(yang)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)鏈(lian)接結構和(he)(he)連(lian)接參數將(jiang)(jiang)長期保(bao)持穩定，如果光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)元件(jian)本(ben)身能(neng)有長期穩定性，整個(ge)光(guang)(guang)(guang)路(lu)將(jiang)(jiang)長期穩定，無需維(wei)(wei)(wei)護。需要(yao)特別指出的(de)(de)是(shi)，這種免維(wei)(wei)(wei)護的(de)(de)特性并非不可(ke)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護和(he)(he)維(wei)(wei)(wei)修，在需要(yao)的(de)(de)情況下，整個(ge)光(guang)(guang)(guang)路(lu)的(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護和(he)(he)維(wei)(wei)(wei)修同樣(yang)可(ke)以(yi)進行，因此，與氣體和(he)(he)固體激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)需要(yao)頻繁的(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護維(wei)(wei)(wei)修相比，全(quan)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)路(lu)的(de)(de)免維(wei)(wei)(wei)護特性異常優(you)異，而與半(ban)導體激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)不可(ke)維(wei)(wei)(wei)修性相比，全(quan)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)可(ke)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護性和(he)(he)可(ke)維(wei)(wei)(wei)修性表現出明顯的(de)(de)優(you)勢(shi)。

   ⑤壽命長(chang)

    全光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的光(guang)(guang)(guang)路具有(you)(you)長(chang)(chang)期穩定性，因此(ci)(ci)，需要與之匹配的長(chang)(chang)壽(shou)(shou)命泵(beng)(beng)(beng)浦(pu)(pu)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)才能獲得整機的長(chang)(chang)壽(shou)(shou)命。發(fa)展低(di)(di)價格(ge)的長(chang)(chang)壽(shou)(shou)命多模泵(beng)(beng)(beng)浦(pu)(pu)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)使發(fa)展長(chang)(chang)壽(shou)(shou)命光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的重點(dian)(dian)。單(dan)條寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)區(qu)(qu)多模泵(beng)(beng)(beng)浦(pu)(pu)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)就是(shi)(shi)這樣(yang)(yang)一(yi)種長(chang)(chang)壽(shou)(shou)命半(ban)導體泵(beng)(beng)(beng)浦(pu)(pu)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，其(qi)(qi)條寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)一(yi)般取100mm，基本上(shang)已經接(jie)近105/125多模光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)的纖(xian)芯直徑(jing)，其(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)源區(qu)(qu)條寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)是(shi)(shi)列(lie)陣半(ban)導體激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的幾十倍，對單(dan)一(yi)發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)條來說(shuo)，同樣(yang)(yang)輸出(chu)(chu)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)和同樣(yang)(yang)注入電(dian)流情況下，其(qi)(qi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)密(mi)(mi)度和電(dian)流密(mi)(mi)度將降低(di)(di)幾十倍，有(you)(you)源區(qu)(qu)溫度也會(hui)有(you)(you)所降低(di)(di)，在(zai)忽(hu)略其(qi)(qi)他因素(su)的前(qian)提下，單(dan)條寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)區(qu)(qu)半(ban)導體泵(beng)(beng)(beng)浦(pu)(pu)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)降低(di)(di)失效率(lv)的作用(yong)是(shi)(shi)異常顯著的。目前(qian)尾纖(xian)輸出(chu)(chu)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)大(da)于5W的單(dan)條寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)區(qu)(qu)半(ban)導體泵(beng)(beng)(beng)浦(pu)(pu)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的平均無故障工作時(shi)間已經達到50萬(wan)小時(shi)以上(shang)。采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)條寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)區(qu)(qu)半(ban)導體泵(beng)(beng)(beng)浦(pu)(pu)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)作為光(guang)(guang)(guang)線激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的泵(beng)(beng)(beng)浦(pu)(pu)源，全光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)將具備長(chang)(chang)壽(shou)(shou)命的特(te)點(dian)(dian)，因此(ci)(ci)，制作具有(you)(you)幾十萬(wan)小時(shi)得長(chang)(chang)壽(shou)(shou)命光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)技術上(shang)已經可行。

   ⑥體積小重量輕

    全光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)由于光(guang)(guang)路可(ke)盤繞，光(guang)(guang)路占用(yong)空(kong)間較小(xiao)(xiao)，在(zai)(zai)采(cai)用(yong)單條(tiao)寬發光(guang)(guang)區半導體(ti)泵浦激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)做泵浦源(yuan)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，泵浦激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)可(ke)分(fen)散(san)(san)安裝(zhuang)，具(ju)有很(hen)好的(de)(de)散(san)(san)熱(re)特性(xing)，在(zai)(zai)安裝(zhuang)密度(du)不高的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，采(cai)用(yong)冷即可(ke)，在(zai)(zai)安裝(zhuang)密度(du)較高的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，只需少量通水即可(ke)滿足(zu)散(san)(san)熱(re)要求，因此，全光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)體(ti)積比(bi)同樣(yang)輸出功率的(de)(de)氣體(ti)和固體(ti)激(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)系(xi)統更(geng)小(xiao)(xiao)，重量更(geng)輕。